A plain-spoken reading desk for the tirzepatide literature — what the 2024-2025 trials actually found, walked through one step at a time.
Tirzepatide Order

Tirzepatide References: The Full Citation Record

Tirzepatide references

All tirzepatide references cited across this site. DOIs and PubMed URLs provided where available. The Tirzepatide research page walks through the primary findings; this page is the full citable record.

  1. Coskun T, et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018;18:3-14. ↗
  2. Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020;5(17):e140532. ↗
  3. Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503-515. ↗
  4. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205-216. ↗
  5. Aronne LJ, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  6. Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1214334. ↗
  7. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Tirzepatide injection prescribing information (FDA label, type 2 diabetes indication). FDA Drugs@FDA. 2022. ↗
  8. Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide (StatPearls). StatPearls [Internet], NCBI Bookshelf. 2024. ↗
  9. Shen P, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with tirzepatide: A bibliometric and pharmacovigilance analysis. PLoS One. 2026. ↗
  10. Look M, et al. Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-1 study of adults with obesity or overweight. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. ↗
  11. McGowan B, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for obesity in adults. Nat Med. 2025. ↗
  12. Hair Loss Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists. Cureus. 2025. ↗
  13. Jalleh RJ, et al. Clinical Consequences of Delayed Gastric Emptying With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Tirzepatide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. ↗
  14. Aronne LJ, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;331(1):38-48. ↗
  15. Batsis JA, et al. Effect of Incretin-Based and Nonpharmacologic Weight Loss on Body Composition: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2026. ↗
  16. Locatelli JC, et al. Incretin-Based Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy: Can Resistance Exercise Optimize Changes in Body Composition? Diabetes Care. 2024. ↗
  17. Sun B, et al. Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119(14):e2116506119. ↗
  18. Kunutsor SK, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review. Drugs. 2026. ↗
  19. Gong J, et al. Risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity treated with tirzepatide: A meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2025. ↗
  20. Park J, et al. Tirzepatide and Cancer Risk in Individuals with and without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2025. ↗
  21. Almansour HA, et al. Real-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis of FAERS Data (2022-2025). Healthcare (Basel). 2025. ↗
  22. Horn DB, et al. Cardiometabolic Parameter Change by Weight Regain on Tirzepatide Withdrawal in Adults With Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURMOUNT-4 Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2026. ↗
  23. Packer M, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  24. Malhotra A, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024. ↗
  25. Loomba R, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024. ↗
  26. Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Tirzepatide: A Narrative Review. Diabetes Ther. 2025. ↗
  27. Samms RJ, et al. A Mechanistic Rationale for Incretin-Based Therapeutics in the Management of Obesity. Annu Rev Physiol. 2025. ↗
  28. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  29. Ciudin A, et al. Indirect Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Oral Semaglutide for the Treatment of Overweight and Obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026. ↗
  30. Wadden TA, et al. Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2023;29(11):2909-2918. ↗
  31. Schmidt PHS, et al. Tirzepatide on physical function in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026. ↗
  32. Nicholls SJ, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-CVOT). N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  33. Pankratz J, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2024. ↗
  34. Martin JA, et al. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of tirzepatide in humans, rats, and monkeys. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2024. ↗
  35. Wharton S, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events and weight reduction in people with type 2 diabetes treated with tirzepatide in the SURPASS trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024. ↗
  36. Linetzky B, et al. Improvements in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors by Weight Reduction: A Post Hoc Analysis of Adults With Obesity Randomly Assigned to Tirzepatide. Ann Intern Med. 2025. ↗
  37. Qazi S, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Dulaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2026. ↗
  38. Wharton S, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability and weight reduction associated with tirzepatide. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. ↗
  39. Pan XH, et al. Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and other weight loss drugs in overweight and obesity: a network meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2024. ↗
  40. Safwan M, et al. Gastrointestinal safety of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs. placebo in obese individuals without diabetes: a systematic review and meta analysis. Ann Saudi Med. 2025. ↗
  41. Mishra R, et al. Tirzepatide-Induced Gastrointestinal Manifestations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cureus. 2023;15(10):e46091. ↗
  42. Berg S, et al. Discontinuing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and body habitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2025. ↗
  43. Zhao F, et al. Structural insights into multiplexed pharmacological actions of tirzepatide and peptide 20 at the GIP, GLP-1 or glucagon receptors. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):1057. ↗
  44. Zhang Z, et al. Tirzepatide safety in type 2 diabetes: a disproportionality analysis of adverse events using the FDA FAERS database. Endocr Connect. 2025. ↗
  45. Nassar M, et al. Decreased risk of recurrent acute pancreatitis with semaglutide and tirzepatide in people with type 2 diabetes or obesity with a history of acute pancreatitis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024. ↗
  46. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approval for chronic weight management (tirzepatide) - press announcement and label record. FDA News & Events. 2023. ↗
  47. Hammoud R, et al. Beyond the pancreas: contrasting cardiometabolic actions of GIP and GLP1. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023. ↗
  48. Urva S, et al. The novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selective long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020. ↗